当创建web服务应用程序时,可以选择使用REST或GraphQL作为通信模式。两者都可能在HTTP上使用JSON,但有不同的优点和缺点。
本文主要比较GraphQL和REST,以操作一个产品数据库示例,比较两种解决方案在执行相同的客户端操作时的差异:
REST(Representational State Transfer,代表性状态传输)的主要数据元素称为Resource。在本例中,资源是“产品”。
curl --request POST 'http://localhost:8081/product'
--header 'Content-Type: Application/json'
--data '{
"name": "Watch",
"description": "Special Swiss Watch",
"status": "Draft",
"currency": "USD",
"price": null,
"imageUrls": null,
"videoUrls": null,
"stock": null,
"averageRating": null
}'
curl --request PUT 'http://localhost:8081/product/{product-id}'
--header 'Content-Type: application/json'
--data '{
"name": "Watch",
"description": "Special Swiss Watch",
"status": "Draft",
"currency": "USD",
"price": 1200.0,
"imageUrls": [
"https://graphqlvsrest.com/imageurl/product-id"
],
"videoUrls": [
"https://graphqlvsrest.com/videourl/product-id"
],
"stock": 10,
"averageRating": 0.0
}'
curl --request GET 'http://localhost:8081/product?size=10&page=0'
{
"id": 1,
"name": "T-Shirt",
"description": "Special beach T-Shirt",
"status": Published,
"currency": "USD",
"price": 30.0,
"imageUrls": ["https://graphqlvsrest.com/imageurl/1"],
"videoUrls": ["https://graphqlvsrest.com/videourl/1"],
"stock": 10,
"averageRating": 3.5
}
要获取产品及其订单,通常需要先调用产品列表API,然后调用订单资源以查找相关订单:
curl --request GET 'localhost:8081/order?product-id=1'
{
"id": 1,
"productId": 1,
"customerId": "de68a771-2fcc-4e6b-a05d-e30a8dd0d756",
"status": "Delivered",
"address": "43-F 12th Street",
"creationDate": "Mon Jan 17 01:00:18 GST 2022"
}
除了获取所有产品的原始操作外,还需要对每个感兴趣的产品执行一次此操作,这会产生N+1的相关问题。
GraphQL API操作包含Queries和Mutations。Queries负责获取数据,Mutations用于创建和更新。
Queries和Mutations的Schema模式定义了客户端可能的请求和响应。
curl --request POST 'http://localhost:8081/graphql'
--header 'Content-Type: application/json'
--data
'{
"query": "mutation {saveProduct (
product: {
name: "Bed-Side Lamp",
price: 24.0,
status: "Draft",
currency: "USD"
}){ id name currency price status}
}"
}'
{
"data": {
"saveProduct": {
"id": "12",
"name": "Bed-Side Lamp",
"currency": "USD",
"price": 24.0,
"status": "Draft"
}
}
}
curl --request POST 'http://localhost:8081/graphql'
--header 'Content-Type: application/json'
--data
'{"query": "mutation {updateProduct(
id: 11
product: {
price: 14.0,
status: "Publish"
}){ id name currency price status }
}","variables":{}}'
{
"data": {
"updateProduct": {
"id": "12",
"name": "Bed-Side Lamp",
"currency": "USD",
"price": 14.0,
"status": "Published"
}
}
}
curl --request POST 'http://localhost:8081/graphql'
--header 'Content-Type: application/json'
--data
'{
"query": "query {products(size:10,page:0){id name status}}"
}'
{
"data": {
"products": [
{
"id": "1",
"name": "T-Shirt",
"status": "Published"
},
...
]
}
}
curl --request POST 'http://localhost:8081/graphql'
--header 'Content-Type: application/json'
--data
'{
"query": "query {product(id:1){ id name orders{customerId address status creationDate}}}"
}'
{
"data": {
"product": {
"id": "1",
"name": "T-Shirt",
"orders": [
{
"customerId": "de68a771-2fcc-4e6b-a05d-e30a8dd0d756",
"status": "Delivered",
"address": "43-F 12th Street",
"creationDate": "Mon Jan 17 01:00:18 GST 2022"
},
...
]
}
}
}
GraphQL允许灵活和动态的查询:
GraphQL倾向于避免昂贵的操作,通常可以使用GraphQL在一个请求中获取所需的所有数据。
GraphQL不能替代REST。在以下情况下,可能更适合使用REST:
选择使用REST或GraphQL作为通信模式,需要由业务场景决定。GraphQL灵活性也决定了其一定程度上的复杂性。
使用GraphQL也需要考虑在应用层面的缓存优化,和解决N+1问题的批量操作优化。