我们都知道,redis是基于内存的K-V数据库。由于内存是断电易失的,所以redis提供了相应的持久化机制。
本篇主要讲解redis提供的RDB和AOF两种持久化方式,以及他们的实现原理。
RDB(Redis DataBase)是指把某个时刻内存中的数据生成快照(snapshot),以dump.rdb文件的形式存在磁盘上。RDB每次生成的快照(snapshot)都是redis中的全量数据。
生成快照可以由两个命令完成,分别是save和bgsave,先看下这两个命令的描述
127.0.0.1:6379> help save
SAVE -
summary: Synchronously save the dataset to disk
since: 1.0.0
group: server
127.0.0.1:6379> help bgsave
BGSAVE -
summary: Asynchronously save the dataset to disk
since: 1.0.0
group: server
从描述上来看,这两个命令实现的功能一模一样,只是save是以同步的方式写入磁盘,而bgsave是以异步的方式,bg就是Background的意思。
事实上调用save命令后,redis进程会被阻塞,直到快照生成完成,期间redis不能对外提供服务。而bgsave会调用linux的fork()函数来创建一个子进程,让子进程来生成快照,期间redis依然可以对外提供服务。
了解了RDB的相关命令,再来思考下这个问题:假设redis中有6G数据,要给这6G数据生成一个快照,不可能在一瞬间完成,肯定会持续一段时间。那么从快照开始生成(t1),到快照生成成功(t2)的这段时间内,redis中被修改的数据应该怎么处理?持久化的数据应该是t1时刻的数据,还是t2时刻的数据呢?
对于save的方式来说,生成快照期间,redis不能对外提供服务,所以在t1到t2期间不会有数据被修改。但是对于bgsave方式来说,生成快照期间,redis依然可以对外提供服务,所以极有可能有些数据被修改。这时子进程是根据t1时刻的数据来生成快照的。t1到t2期间被修改的数据只能在下一次生成快照时处理。但是在t1到t2期间被修改的值,对外部调用方来说是可以实时访问的。也就是说redis不仅要存储快照生成点(t1)时刻的所有值,还要存储变量的最新值。这样的话,redis中6G的数据,在生成快照的时候,会瞬间变成12G。
但是事实并非如此,以性能著称的redis肯定不允许这样的事发生。那这个问题是如果解决的呢?这样就不得不说copy on write机制了
copy on write(COW,写时复制)是一种计算机程序设计领域的优化策略。
其核心思想是,如果有多个调用者(callers)同时请求相同资源(如内存或磁盘上的数据存储),他们会共同获取相同的指针指向相同的资源,直到某个调用者试图修改资源的内容时,系统才会真正复制一份专用副本(private copy)给该调用者,而其他调用者所见到的最初的资源仍然保持不变。这过程对其他的调用者都是透明的(transparently)。
前文提到调用bgsave时,会调用linux系统的fork()函数来创建子进程,让子进程去生成快照。fork()函数实现了copy on write机制。
如下图所示,redis调用bgsave之后,bgsave调用fork。也就是在t1时刻,内存中的数据并不会为了两个进程而复制成两份,而是两个进程中的指针都指向同一个内存地址。
此时子进程开始生成快照,如果在生成快照期间,redis中的数据被修改了,k3的值由c变成了d。操作系统仅仅会把k3复制一份,而没有变化的k1和k2不会被复制。这就是写时复制(copy on write)机制。可以看到此时子进程取到的数据还是t1时刻的数据,而redis对外提供的服务也能获取最新数据。
此处用copy on write优化的前提是生成快照的过程持续的时间较短,期间只有少量的数据发生了变化。如果期间所有的数据都发生了变化,也就相当于真的把6G数据变成了12G。
写时复制是一种优化思想,在JDK中也能看它的实现
前文说RDB模式生成快照的命令是save和bgsave,但是在实际使用redis的时候,也没见我们定期手动执行这两个命令。所以快照的生成还有一种自动的触发方式,在配置文件中可以找到相关的配置
################################ SNAPSHOTTING ################################
#
# Save the DB on disk:
#
# save <seconds> <changes>
#
# Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
# number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
# In the example below the behaviour will be to save:
# after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
# after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
# after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#
# Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
# It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
# points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
# like in the following example:
#
# save ""
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
save配置表示调用bgsave。save 60 10000表示如果在60秒内,超过10000个key被修改了,就调用一次bgsave。同理save 300 10表示300秒内,超过10个key被修改了,就调用一次bgsave。多个save不是互斥的,如果配置多个save,只要满足其中一个就会执行bgsave,配置多个是为了适应不同的场景。
配置save ""或者注释所有的save表示不开启RDB。
从配置文件配置的save参数来看,如果每60秒执行一次bgsave,而在59秒的时候服务宕机了,这样就丢失了59秒内修改的数据,因为还没来得及生成快照。数据丢失量这么大,肯定是不被允许的。为此,redis还提供了另一种持久化方式,那就是AOF
AOF(Append Only File)是把对redis的修改命令以特定的格式记录在指定文件中。也就是说RDB记录的是数据快照,而AOF记录的是命令。AOF默认是关闭的。
############################## AppEND ONLY MODE ###############################
# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.
appendonly no
# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")
appendfilename "appendonly.aof"
如果开启了AOF,相应的命令会记录在appendonly.aof文件中。
appendonly.aof这个文件的内容本身也需要写到磁盘中,如果appendonly.aof还未来得及写入磁盘,服务就宕机了,也会造成appendonly.aof文件内容丢失,而丢失redis的修改命令,进而丢失redis的修改数据。
为此redis为appendonly.aof的持久化提供了三种配置方式:
# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".
# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no
这三种方式都是通过参数appendfsync来指定。
根据配置可以知道,如果每秒将appendonly.aof的内容写到磁盘一次。那么在两次写磁盘的间隔,如果服务宕机了,还是有可能丢失部分命令,从而导致redis的修改数据丢失,不过相比于RDB来说,这种丢失已经非常非常小了。
除此之外,appendonly.aof文件是以追加的方式写入命令,对于长时间运行的服务,必定会导致该文件过大。万一服务宕机需要根据appendonly.aof文件恢复数据,将会消耗相当长的时间来执行appendonly.aof中记录的命令。
为了解决appendonly.aof文件过大的问题redis提供了一种机制,叫bgrewriteaof。
bgrewriteaof命令描述如下
127.0.0.1:6379> help bgrewriteaof
BGREWRITEAOF -
summary: Asynchronously rewrite the append-only file
since: 1.0.0
group: server
这个命令的作用就是fork()出一个子进程来对appendonly.aof文件进行重写。这个重写操作在redis4.0以前和4.0以后有不同的实现方式。
redis4.0以前的重写主要有两点:删除抵消的命令、合并重复的命令。对于set key1 a和del key1这样相互抵消的命令会被直接删除。对于set key1 a和set key1 b这样重复的命令会进行合并。这样一通操作之后,AOF文件可能会变得很小。
redis4.0之后,开启了RDB和AOF的混合模式。也就是将已有的数据以RDB的方式记录在appendonly.aof文件的头部,对于之后的增量数据以AOF的方式继续追加在appendonly.aof文件中,也就是appendonly.aof文件前半段是快照数据,后半段是redis指令。
这样的混合模式结合了RDB和AOF的优点,既能最大限度的减少数据丢失,又能在Redis重启后迅速恢复数据。
那么在什么情况下会触发bgrewriteaof呢?除了手动触发,配置文件中提供了几个相关参数来实现自动触发
# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size参数设置成64mb,意思是redis尚未执行过bgrewriteaof(从启动开始算),AOF文件需要达到64mb才会第一次执行bgrewriteaof(此后不会再使用auto-aof-rewrite-min-size参数),redis会记录每次执行bgrewriteaof之后,AOF文件的大小。
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage设置成100,表示当前的AOF文件大小超过上一次bgrewriteaof后AOF文件的百分比后触发bgrewriteaof。如果上次bgrewriteaof后,AOF为200mb,现在需要AOF文件达到400mb才会执行bgrewriteaof。
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage设置成0,表示禁用bgrewriteaof。auto-aof-rewrite-min-size参数的作用就是在AOF文件比较小的时候,防止因为增长过快而频繁调用bgrewriteaof。
redis主进程在写AOF文件采用always或者everysec配置,和子进程在重写AOF文件的时候,都会产生大量的I/O操作。可能会使fsync阻塞很长时间,为了缓解这个问题,redis提供了no-appendfsync-on-rewrite这个参数
# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.
no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no
如果开启该参数,表示在bgsave和bgrewriteaof的过程中,主线程写入AOF不会调用fsync(),相当于配置appendfsync no。这样有可能会导致redis的修改命令丢失,Linux默认配置下,最多丢失30秒的数据。
如果关闭该参数,表示在bgsave和bgrewriteaof的过程中,主线程写入AOF会调用fsync(),并且被阻塞,这样是最安全的,不会丢失数据。
本文主要讲解redis两种持久化方式RDB和AOF,以及他们的实现原理。此外,还讲解了AOF文件过大怎么处理。了解这些内容,可以帮助我们更好的使用redis。
作者:Sicimike
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Baisitao_/article/details/105461153